Nama : Riesky Ramadhian
Kelas : 3 EB 25
NPM : 26211166
STRATEGY
OF STRUCTURE TOEFL
According to wikipedia is “grammar is the set
of structural rules that govern the composition of clauses, phrases, and words
in any given natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules,
and this field includes morphology, syntax, and phonology, often complemented
by phonetics, semantics, and pragmatics. Linguists do not normally use the term
to refer to orthographical rules, although usage books and style guides that
call themselves grammars may also refer to spelling and punctuation.” While
understanding the grammar by Oxford learner's pocket dictionary is: book that
describes the rules for forming words and making sentences.
TOEFL stands for Test of English as a Foreign
Of Language. TOEFL is a standardized English language skills in writing a
person who covers four aspects of mastery: Listening, Writing and Reading.
Strategy
of Structure
1.
First study the
sentence.
Your purpose is to
determine what is needed to complete the sentence correctly.
2.
Then study each
answer based on how well it completes the sentence.
Eliminate answers
that do not complete the sentence correctly.
3.
Do not try to
eliminate incorrect answers by looking only at the answers.
The incorrect answers
are generally correct by themselves. The incorrect answers are generally
incorrect only when used to complete the sentence.
4.
Never leave any
answers blank.
Be sure to answer
each question even if you are unsure of the correct response.
5. Do not spend too much time on the Structure questions.
Be sure to leave
adequate time for the Written Expression questions.
Skill 1: Make sure
that sentence has a subject and a Verb .
You know that a
sentence in English should have a subject and a verb. The most common types of
problems that you will encounter in the Structure section of the TOEFL test are
related to subjects and verbs; perhaps the sentence is missing either the
subject, or the verb, or both; perhaps the sentence has an extra subject or
verb.
Example :
______was ringing
continuously for hours.
(A) Loudly
(B) In the morning
(C) The phone
(D) The bells
Analysis:
In this example, you
should notice immediately that there is a verb, was ringing, but there is no
subject. Answer (C) is the best answer because it is a singular subject that
agrees with the singular verb was ringing. Answer (A), loudly, and answer (B),
in the morning, are not subjects, so they are not correct. Although answer (D),
bells, could be a subject, it is not correct because bells is plural and it
does not agree with the singular verb was ringing.
SKILL 2: BE CAREFUL
OF OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS
Object (what comes
after) preposition MUST noun or pronoun). An example of the preposition that
in, at, of, to, by, on, behind, and others. Please refer to the dictionary to
determine the form of the preposition.
example:
After his exams Tom
will take a trip by boat.
In the sentence
above, there are two preposition: after and by. The word exam (noun) is the
object of the preposition after, and the boat is an object of the preposition
by.
The object of the
preposition can create confusion on the part of the TOEFL test structure /
grammar. REMEMBER! The object of the preposition is not the subject of the
sentence.
Example :
With his friends
_____ found the movie theater.
a) has
b) he
c) later
d) when
Analysis:
In this example you
should look first for the subject and the verb. You should notice the verb
found and should also notice that there is no subject. Do not think that friend
is the subject; friend is the object of the preposition with, and one noun
cannot be both a subject and an object at the same time. Because a subject is
needed in this sentence, answer (B), he, is the best answer. Answers (A), (C),
and (D) are not correct because they cannot be subjects
SKILL 3: BE CAREFUL
OF PRESENT PARTICIPLES
Present participle is
verb + ing : talking , playing , watching, etc. . Present participle form of the
problem can be Spieler Structure TOEFL test . Present participle can only be an
adjective ( adjective ) which generally describes the subject of like
Appositive ( see here on appositive ) or be part of keja word ( verb ) when
preceded by be ( am , is , are , was , were ) .
The man is talking to
his friend .
The man talking to
his friend has a beard .
In the first sentence
talking present participle form of the verb part because preceded by Be ( is )
. While no. 2 talking present participle is an adjective ( describes the men 's
) and not as part of a verb because it is not preceded by some as the first
sentence . Verb of the sentence into two: has ( the man has a beard ) .
Sample sentences
below illustrates how the present participle can be a rapscallion in Structure
TOEFL test.
Example :
The child ____
playing in the yard is my son.
a. Now
b. Is
c. He
d. was
Analysis:
In this example, if
you look at only the first words of the sentence, it appears that child is the
subject and playing is part of the verb. If you think that playing is part of
the verb, you might choose answer (B), is, or answer (D), was, to complete the
verb. However, these two answers are incorrect because playing is not part of
the verb. You should recognize that playing is a participial adjective rather
than a verb because there is another verb in the sentence (is). In this
sentence there is a complete subject (child) and a complete verb (is), so this sentence
does not need another subject or verb. The best answer here is (A).
SKILL 4 : BE CAREFUL
OF PAST PARTICIPLES
Past participles can
cause confusion in the Structure section of the TOEFL test because a past
participle can be either an adjective or a part of a verb. The past participle
is the form of the verb that appears with have or be. It often ends in -ed, but
there are also many irregular past participles in English. (See Appendix F for
a list of irregular past participles).
Example :
The packages____
mailed at the post office will arrive Monday.
a. Have
b. Were
c. Them
d. just
Analysis :
In this example, if you
look only at the first few words of the sentence, it appears that packages is
the subject and mailed is either a complete verb or a past participle that
needs a helping verb. But if you look further in the sentence, you will see
that the verb is will arrive. You will then recognize that mailed is a
participial adjective and is therefore not part of the verb. Answers (A) and
(B) are incorrect because mailed is an adjective and does not need a helping
verb such as have or were. Answer (C) is incorrect because there is no need for
the object them. Answer (D) is the best answer to this question.
Skill 5 : Use a
Adverb Time Connector and Cause Connector correctly
Sentences using
clauses of clause adverb of time has 2 basic patterns:
§ I will sign the check
before you live.
§ Before you live, I
will sign the check.
Each of the examples
above, there are two clauses: you live and I will sign the check. The second
clause of the adverb time clause which (you live) because it is preceded by a
conjunctive adverb time connector (before). Note the use of the coma when the
time adverb connector located at the front of the sentence.
The example below
illustrates how the pattern is used as a matter of sentence in Structure TOEFL
test.
Example :
____ was late, I
missed the appointment.
a. I
b. Because
c. The train
d. Since he
Analysis :
In this example you
should recognize easily that there is a verb, was, that needs a subject. There
is also another clause, I missed the appointment. If you choose answer (A) or
answer (C), you will have a subject for the verb was, but you will not have a
connector to join the two clauses. Because you need a connector to join two
clauses, answers (A) and (C) are incorrect. Answer (B) is incorrect because
there is no subject for the verb was. Answer (D) is the best answer because
there is a subject, he, for the verb was, and there is a connector, since, to
join the two clauses.
Skill
6 : Use the information that the Other Adverb Other Connectors with correct
|
OTHER ADVERB
CONNECTORS
|
|||
|
Condition(pengandaian)
|
Contrast (berlawanan)
|
Manner(cara)
|
Place
|
|
If (jika)
In case (if)
Provided (if)
Providing (if)
Unless (kecuali
jika)
Whether
|
Although (walaupun)
Even though
(although)
Though (although)
While
(walaupun/sedangkan/tapi)
Whereas (while)
|
As
In that
|
Where
Wherever (di
manapun)
|
|
Contoh:
Bob Went to school even though he felt sick.
Even though Bob felt sick, he went to school. |
|||
Note:
Note the use of the
coma when the connector at the beginning of the sentence.
Pay attention to the
subject (the word is blocked) and verbs (words that are blocked and underlined)
in each clause
Except: While or whereas always
use comma (,)
· The
Smith family arrived at 2:00, while the Jones family arrived
an hour later.
· Mary
is rich, while John is poor.
· While John
is poor, Mary is rich.
· Whereas John
is poor, Mary is rich.
The example below
illustrates how the pattern is used as a matter of sentence in Structure TOEFL
test.
Example :
You will get a good
grade on the exam provided _____.
a) studying
b) study
c) to study
d) you study
SKILL 7 : INVERT THE
SUBJECT AND VERB WITH QUESTION WORDS
There is some
confusion about when to invert the subject and verb after question words such
as what, when, where, why, and how. These words can have two very
different functions in a sentence. First, they can introduce a question, and in
this case the subject and verb that follow are inverted.
Example :
The lawyer asked the
client why____it.
a. did he do
b. did he
c. he did
d. did
Analysis :
In this example the
question word why is used to connect the two clauses, so a subject and verb are
needed after this connector; this is not a question, so the subject and verb
should not be inverted. The best answer is therefore answer (C).
SKILL 8 : INVERT THE
SUBJECT AND VERB WITH PLACE EXPRESSIONS
After ideas
expressing place, the subject and the verb sometimes invert in English. This
can happen with single words expressing place, such as here, there, or nowhere.
Example :
On the second level
of the parking lot ...................
a. is empty
b. are empty
c. some empty stalls are
d. are some empty stalls
Analysis :
This example begins
with the place expression on the second
level of the parking lot, which consists of two prepositional phrases, on the second level and of the parking lot.
This sentence needs a subject and a verb to be complete, and the two answers
that contain both a subject stalls
and verb are are answers (C) and (D).
The subject and verb should be inverted because the place expression is
necessary to complete the idea some empty
stalls are ......The best answer is therefore answer (D).
SKILL 9 : INVERT THE
SUBJECT AND VERB WITH CONDITIONALS
In certain
conditional structures, the subject and verb may also be inverted. This can
occur when the helping verb in the conditional clause is had, should, or were,
and the conditional connector if is omitted.
Example :
The report would have
been accepted____in checking its accuracy.
a. if
more care
b. more
care had been taken
c. had
taken more care
d. had
more care been taken
Analysis :
In this example a
connector (if) and a subject and verb are needed, but if could
be omitted and the subject and verb inverted. Answer (A) is incorrect because
it contains the connector if and the subject care but
no verb. Answer (B) is incorrect because it contains the subject care and
the verb had been taken but does not have a connector. In
answers (C) and (D), if has been omitted. Because it is
correct to invert the subject more care and the helping verb had, answer
(D) is correct.
SKILL 10 : INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH COMPARISONS
An inverted subject
and verb may occur also after a comparison. The inversion of a subject and verb
after a comparison is optional, rather than required, and it is a rather formal
structure. There have been a number of inverted comparisons on recent TOEFL
tests, so you should be familiar with this structure.
Example :
The results of the
current experiment appear to be more consistent than____the results of any
previous tests.
a. Them
b. Were
c. they were
d. were they
Analysis :
In this example you
should notice the comparison more consistent than, and you should also
understand that the results of the current experiment is being compared with
the results of any previous tests. Because the results of any previous tests is
the subject, only a verb is needed; the best answer to this question is
therefore answer (B). We know that it is possible for a subject and a verb to
be inverted after a comparison, and in this case the subject the results of any
previous tests comes after the verb were.
Sumber :
·
http://englishahkam.blogspot.com/
· http://bahasainggris-jepang.blogspot.com/2013/11/strategi-cara-menjawab-soal-structure.html
·
http://popi-irawan.blogspot.com
·
http://argumentunram.blogspot.com/2013/02/strategies-of-structure-and-written.html
